Location

4th Floor,
Commerce Building, cnr Union and Clyde Streets,
University of Otago,
Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

Contact

Tel 64 3 479 8520
Fax 64 3 479 9034
tourism@otago.ac.nz

Bibliography of Backcountry Research and Related Material

Absher, J. D. and R. G. Lee. (1981). "Density as an Incomplete Cause of Crowding in Backcountry Settings." Leisure Sciences. 4(3): 231-247.

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Andereck, K. L. and R. H. Becker. (1993). "The effects of density on perceived crowding in a built recreation environment." Journal of Applied Recreation Research. 18(3): 165-179.

Andereck, K. L. and R. H. Becker. (1993). "Perceptions of carry-over crowding in recreation environments." Leisure Sciences. 15(1): 25-35.

Anderson, D. H. and P. J. Brown. (1984). "The Displacement Process in Recreation." Journal of Leisure Research. 16(1): 61-73.

Anderson, D. H. (date unknown). The effect of user experience on displacement. St Paul, MN 55108, Northern Central Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service.

Barnett, L. A., (ed). (1995). Research About Leisure: Past, Present and Future. 2nd ed. Champaign, Illinois, Sagamore Publishing.

Basman, C. M., M. J. Manfredo, S. C. Barro, J. J. Vaske and A. Watson. (1996). "Norm Accessibility - an Exploratory Study Of Backcountry and Frontcountry Recreational Norms." Leisure Sciences. 18(2): 177-191.

Becker, R. H. (1978). "Social Carrying Capacity and User satisfaction: An Experiential Function." Leisure Sciences. 1(3): 241-257.

Becker, R. H. (1981). "Displacement of Recreational Users between the Lower St Croix and Upper Mississippi Rivers." Journal of Environmental Management. 13: 259-267.

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Booth K. and Peebles C. (1995) Patterns of use. In Devlin, P.J., Corbett, R.A. and Peebles, C.J. Outdoor Recreation in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation and Lincoln University, 31-62.

Brunson, M. W. and B. Shelby. (1993). "Recreation Substitutability: A Research Agenda." Leisure Sciences. 15: 67-74.

Bultena, G., D. Field, P. Womble and D. Albrecht. (1981). "Closing the Gates: A Study of Backcountry Use-Limitation at Mount McKinley National Park." Leisure Sciences. 4(3): 249-267.

Burch, W. R. (1984). "Much Ado about Nothing - Some Reflections on the Wider and wilder Implications of Social Carrying Capacity." Leisure Sciences. 6(4): 487-497.

Burton, T. L. and E. L. Jackson. (1989). "Leisure research and the social sciences: an exploratory study of active researchers." Leisure Studies. 8: 263-280.

Bury, R. L. (1976). "Recreation Carrying Capacity: Hypothesis or Reality." Parks and Recreation. 11(1): 22-25.

Butler, R. W. (1989). Tourism and Tourism Research. In Understanding Leisure and Recreation: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future. E. Jackson, L and T. Burton, L (eds). 1st ed. PA, Venture Publishing, Inc: 567-595.

Catton, W. R. (1969). "Motivations of Wilderness Users." Pulp And Paper Magazine Of Canada. 3(19): 3-8.

Catton, W. R. (1983). Social and Behavioural Aspects of the Carrying Capacity of Natural Environments. In Behaviour and the Natural Environment: Human Behaviour and Environment. I. Altman and J. Wohlwill (eds). New York, Plenum Press. 6: 269-306.

Chambers, T. W. and C. Price. (1986). "Recreation Congestion: Some hypothesis tested in the Forest of Dean." Journal of Rural Studies. 2(1): 41-52.

Chang, C. Y. (1993). A simulation approach to crowding in outdoor recreation: a study of the Yangmingshan National Park. Ph.D. Thesis. Pennsylvania State University.

Choi, S., D. K. Loomis and R. B. Ditton. (1994). "Effect of Social Group, Activity, and Specialisation on Recreation Substitution Decisions." Leisure Sciences. 16(3): 143-159.

Cohen, J. L., S. Bernard and B. Bennett. (1975). "The effects of situational variables on judgement of crowding." Sociometry. 38(2): 273-281.

Cook, W. L. (1988). "Compatibility of Tourism and Wilderness." Tourism Recreation Research. 13(1): 3-9.

Department of Conservation (1992). Visitor Statistics, 1992. Wellington , New Zealand.

Department of Conservation (1992). The Gillespie Pass Circuit, A Facility Use Appraisal, 1991/92. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1992). The Big O.E. Otago Experience - Otago Conservancy Visitor Monitoring 1991/92. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1993). The Rees/Dart Track Visitor Satisfaction Survey 1992/93. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1993). The Big O.E. Otago Experience - Otago Conservancy Visitor Monitoring 1992/93. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1994). The Queen Charlotte Walking Track User Report Survey, 1993/94. Nelson, New Zealand, Nelson/Marlborough Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1994). The Heaphy Track User Survey Report, 1992/93. Nelson, New Zealand, Nelson/Marlborough Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1994). The Abel Tasman National Park User Survey Report 1989/90. Nelson, New Zealand, Nelson/Marlborough Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1994). Atawhai Ruamano Conservation 2000: Visitor Strategy Discussion Document. Wellington, New Zealand.

Department of Conservation (1995). The Big O.E. Otago Experience - Otago Conservancy Visitor Monitoring 1993/94. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Department of Conservation (1995). Visitor Strategy. Wellington, New Zealand.

Department of Conservation (1996). The Big O.E. Otago Experience - Otago Conservancy Visitor Monitoring 1994/95. Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago Conservancy.

Ditton, R. B., A. J. Fedler and A. R. Graefe. (1983). "Factors Contributing to Perceptions of Recreational Crowding." Leisure Sciences. 5(4): 273-288.

Driver, B. L. and R. C. Knopf. (1977). "Personality, Outdoor Recreation and Expected Consequences." Environment and Behaviour. 9(2): 169-193.

Drogin, E. B. (1991). Evaluating the boater experience: the interrelationship of recreational use, user contacts, experiential impacts, satisfaction and displacement. Ph.D. Thesis. Pennsylvania State University.

Duncan, J. and J. Davison (1991). Review of the Capacity of Selected Tramping Tracks to Cater for Projected Increases in Overseas Trampers. Wellington, New Zealand, New Zealand Tourism Board.

Edington and Edington (1986). Ecology Recreation and Tourism.

Fairburn, K. (1985). A study of the social setting in recreation: analysis of data from the 1981 public opinion survey on recreation. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Alberta Recreation and Parks.

Fairburn, K. (1985). 1980-81 public opinion survey on recreation: summary of final results. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Alberta Recreation and Parks.

Fitzharris B.B. and Kearsley G.W. (1988) Appreciating our high country, in Holland P.G., and Johnston W.B. (eds) Southern Approaches, Dunedin, 197-218.

Graefe, A. R., J. J. Vaske and F. R. Kuss. (1984). "Resolved Issues and Remaining Questions about Social Carrying Capacity." Leisure Sciences. 6(4): 497-507.

Graefe, A. R., J. J. Vaske and F. R. Kuss. (1984). "Social Carrying Capacity: An Integration and Synthesis of Twenty Years of Research." Leisure Sciences. 6(4): 395-431.

Gramann, J. H. (1980). Social-psychological applications to the structural modelling of crowding in outdoor recreation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Illinois.

Gramann, J. H. (1982). "Toward a behavioural theory of crowding in outdoor recreation: an evaluation and synthesis of research." Leisure Sciences. 5(2): 109-126.

Gramann, J. H. and R. J. Burdge. (1984). "Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites." Leisure Sciences. 6(2): 167-186.

Greist, D. A. (1976). "The Carrying Capacity of Public Wild Land Recreation Areas: Evaluation of Alternative Measures." Journal of Leisure Research. 8(2): 123-128.

Hammitt, W. E. (1983). "Toward an ecological approach to perceived crowding in outdoor recreation." Leisure Sciences. 5(4): 309-320.

Hammitt, W. E., C. D. McDonald and F. P. Noe. (1984). "Use level and encounters: important variables of perceived crowding among non-specialised recreationists." Journal of Leisure Research. 16(1): 1-8.

Hammitt, W. E. and M. A. Madden. (1989). "Cognitive Dimensions of Wilderness Privacy: A Field Test and Further Explanation." Leisure Sciences. 11: 293-301.

Hammitt, W. E. and M. E. Patterson. (1991). "Coping Behaviour to Avoid Visitor Encounters: Its Relationship to Wildland Privacy." Journal of Leisure Research. 23(3): 255-237.

Hammitt, W. E. and W. M. Rutlin. (1995). "Use Encounter Standards and Curves For Achieved Privacy In Wilderness." Leisure Sciences. 17(4): 245-262.

Harris C. (1983). Recreation on the Routeburn Track: Image and Experience. Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis (Geography). University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Heberlein, T. A. and B. Shelby. (1977). "Carrying Capacity, Values and the Satisfaction Model: A Reply to Greist." Journal of Leisure Research. 9(2): 142-148.

Heberlein, T. A. (1977). Density, crowding, and satisfaction: sociological studies for determining carrying capacities. National Symposium on River Recreation Management and Research, Minneapolis.

Heberlein, T. A. and P. Dunwiddle. (1979). "Systematic Observation of Use Levels, Campsite Selection and Visitor Characteristics at a High Mountain Lake." Journal of Leisure Research. 11(4): 307-316.

Hendee, J. C., W. R. Catton, L. D. Marlow and C. F. Brockman (1968). Wilderness users in the pacific northwest - their characteristics, values, and management preferences. PNW-61. Portland, Oregon, U.S. Department of Agriculture,.

Heylen Research Centre (1992). Conservation and recreation in New Zealand: a survey of public opinion. Wellington, New Zealand, Department of Conservation.

Heywood, J. L. (1996). "Conventions, Emerging Norms, and Norms In Outdoor Recreation." Leisure Sciences. 18(4): 355-363.

Higham, J. E. S. (1996). Wilderness perceptions of international visitors to New Zealand: The perceptual approach to the management of international tourists visiting wilderness areas within New Zealand's conservation estate. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Higham J.E.S., and Kearsley G.W. (1994) Wilderness Perception and its implications for the management of the impacts of international tourism on natural areas in New Zealand. In Tourism Down-under: A Tourism Research Conference, 6-9 December 1994 (pp.505-529). Palmerston North: Department of Management Systems, Massey University.

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Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1989). Motivation for Leisure. In Understanding Leisure and Recreation: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future. E. L. Jackson and T. L. Burton (eds). 1st ed. PA, Venture Publishing, Inc: 247-279.

Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1995). The social psychology of leisure. In Research about leisure: past, present and future. L. A. Barnett (ed). 2nd ed. Champaign, Illinois, Sagamore Publishing.

Jurowski, C., M. Uysal, D. Williams and F. Noe. (1995). "An Examination of Preferences and Evaluations of Visitors based on Environmental Attitudes: Biscayne Bay National Park." Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 3: 73-86.

Kaplan, S. and J. Talbot. (1983). Psychological Benefits of a Wilderness Experience. In Behaviour and the Natural Environment: Human Behaviour and Environment. I. Altman and J. Wohlwill (eds). New York, Plenum Press. 6: 163-203.

Kearsley G.W. (1996) Managing the Consequences of Over-use by Tourists of New Zealand's Conservation Estate. In Hall C.M., Jenkins J. and Kearsley G.W. Tourism, Planning and Policy in Australia and New Zealand; Issues, Cases and Practice, Irwin, Sydney.

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Kearsley G.W. (1982) Visitor Survey of Fiordland National Park. Lands and Survey Department. Wellington, New Zealand.

Keogh C. (1991) Routeburn Track Market Study. unpublished MBA Dissertation, University of Otago.

Knopf, R. (1983). Recreational Needs and Behaviour in Natural Settings. In Behaviour and the Natural Environment: Human Behaviour and Environment. I. Altman and J. Wohlwill (eds). New York, Plenum Press. 6: 205-240.

Kuentzel, W. F. and T. A. Heberlein. (1992). "Cognitive and Behavioural Adaptations to Perceived Crowding: A Panel Study of Coping and Displacement." Journal of Leisure Research. 24(4): 377-393.

Kuentzel, W. F. and T. A. Heberlein. (1992). "Does specialisation affect behavioural choices and quality judgements among hunters?" Leisure Sciences. 14(3): 211-226.

Kuentzel, W. F. and C. D. McDonald. (1992). "Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialisation." Journal of Leisure Research. 24(3): 269-287.

Kuss, F. R. and A. R. Graefe. (1985). "Effects of Recreation Trampling on Natural Area Vegetation." Journal of Leisure Research. 17(3): 165-183.

Langer, E. J. and S. Saegert. (1977). "Crowding and Cognitive Control." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 35(3): 175-182.

Lee, R. G. (1977). "Alone with others: the paradox of privacy in wilderness." Leisure Sciences. 1(1): 3-19.

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Manning, R. E. (1985). "Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis." Journal of Leisure Research. 17(2): 75-89.

Manning, R. E. (1986). Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction. Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University Press.

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Nielsen, J. M. and R. Endo. (1977). "Where have all the purists gone? An empirical examination of the displacement process hypothesis in wilderness recreation." Western Sociological Review. 8: 61-75.

Nielsen, J. M., B. Shelby and J. E. Haas. (1977). "Sociological Carrying Capacity and the Last Settler Syndrome." Pacific Sociological Review. 20(4): 568-581.

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Russell, D and Wilson, N (1991) Life in New Zealand Survey Commission Report Volume 1: Executive Overview. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.

Schneider, I. E. and H. W. E. (1995). "Visitor Response to Outdoor Recreation Conflict - a Conceptual Approach." Leisure Sciences. 17(3): 223-234.

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Shelby, B. (1980). "Crowding models for backcountry recreation." Land Economics. 56(1): 43-55.

Shelby, B. (1981). "Encounter Norms in Backcountry Settings: Studies of Three Rivers." Journal of Leisure Research. 13(2): 129-138.

Shelby, B. and R. Colvin. (1982). "Encounter Measures in Carrying Capacity Research: Actual, Reported, and Diary Contacts." Journal of Leisure Research. 14(4): 350-360.

Shelby, B., T. A. Heberlein, J. J. Vaske and G. Alfano. (1983). "Expectations, Preferences, and Feeling Crowded in Recreation Activities." Leisure Sciences. 6(1): 1-14.

Shelby, B. and T. A. Heberlein. (1984). "A Conceptual Framework for Carrying Capacity Determination." Leisure Sciences. 6(4): 433-451.

Shelby, B. and R. Harris. (1985). "Comparing Methods for Determining Visitor Evaluations of Ecological Impacts: Site Visits, Photographs, and Written Descriptions." Journal of Leisure Research. 17(1): 57-67.

Shelby, B. and T. A. Heberlein (1986). Carrying Capacity in Recreation Settings. Corvallis, Or, Oregon State University Press.

Shelby, B., N. S. Bregenzer and R. Johnson. (1988). "Displacement and Product Shift: Empirical Evidence From Oregon Rivers." Journal of Leisure Research. 20(4): 274-288.

Shelby, B., J. J. Vaske and T. A. Heberlein. (1989). "Comparative Analysis of Crowding in Multiple Locations: Results from Fifteen Years of Research." Leisure Sciences. 11(4): 269-291.

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Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, T. A. Heberlein and B. Shelby. (1982). "Differences in reported satisfaction ratings by consumptive and non-consumptive recreationist." Journal of Leisure Research. 14(3): 195-206.

Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly and D. L. Tweed. (1983). "Recreationist-defined versus researcher-defined similarity judgements in substitutability research." Journal of Leisure Research. 15(3): 251-262.

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Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly and J. P. Petruzzi. (1996). "Country Of Origin, Encounter Norms, and Crowding In a Frontcountry Setting." Leisure Sciences. 18(2): 161-176.

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Walton, S. C. (1995). Perceptions of crowding on the Kepler Track and visitor management strategies. Unpublished Diploma for Tourism Thesis. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Watson, A. E. (1995). "An Analysis Of Recent Progress In Recreation Conflict Research and Perceptions Of Future Challenges and Opportunities." Leisure Sciences. 17(3): 235-238.

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Westover, T. N. (1988). "Urban parks as social settings: visitor's perceptions of anti-social behaviour and crowding." Trends. 25(3): 9-12.

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University of Otago Department of Tourism